Regras que direcionam a poupança para a dívida pública ou mantêm os rendimentos abaixo da inflação, país por país.

← Voltar ao mapa

Argentina

Argentina retains corporate exchange controls and bank rules that favor Treasury debt, despite substantial liberalization of household currency purchases. Bond tax exemptions and domestic investment incentives also steer savings, while the former PAIS foreign-exchange tax has expired.

Índice de repressão
40,1 / 100
  • 15 em vigor
  • 0 aprovada
  • 0 proposta ou em discussão

Medidas em

Como o índice é construído

Cada segmento representa a contribuição de uma categoria de regras ou do pilar de mercado para o índice. A barra completa vale 100.

  • Demanda cativa 0,0
  • Financiamento pelo banco central 0,0
  • Controles de capitais 12,8
  • Tetos de juros 0,0
  • Viés prudencial favorável à dívida soberana 7,2
  • Crédito direcionado 6,0
  • Incentivos fiscais 4,6
  • Restrições a ativos reais 2,4
  • Tributos sobre transações 2,0
  • Pilar de mercado 5,2

Índice = 80% × regras (43,6) + 20% × mercado (26,1) = 40,1

O método em linguagem simples
  • Pilar de regras (0–100). Cada uma das 9 categorias pode somar até o seu peso (os pesos somam 100). A intensidade de uma categoria cresce com cada medida em vigor: uma medida conta pelo seu fator de intensidade (0,25 para intensidade 1, 0,5 para 2, 0,8 para 3), e cada medida adicional preenche parte do espaço restante. Assim, a abrangência contribui com retornos decrescentes: duas medidas de intensidade 3 resultam em 96%.
  • Pilar de mercado (0–100). Média dos indicadores de mercado abaixo: quanto a taxa básica de juros real é negativa e quanto da dívida pública é detido pelo próprio banco central e pelos bancos do país.
  • Índice. 80% de regras + 20% de mercado quando há dados de mercado; caso contrário, apenas regras. Leis aprovadas que ainda não se aplicam entram apenas na perspectiva; propostas nunca entram.

As 9 categorias

Peso = máximo de pontos que uma categoria pode acrescentar ao pilar de regras. Intensidade = parcela desse peso preenchida pelas medidas em vigor. Abra uma categoria para ver as medidas contabilizadas; “O que é isto?” mostra os instrumentos por trás dela, no mundo e ao longo da história.

  • Demanda cativaPeso 16Intensidade 0%Pontos 0,0

    Manutenção obrigatória de dívida pública por fundos de pensão, seguradoras ou bancos. Nenhuma medida em vigor aqui. O que é isto? →

  • Financiamento pelo banco centralPeso 16Intensidade 0%Pontos 0,0

    Compras de dívida pública pelo banco central, controle da curva de juros, financiamento monetário direto. Nenhuma medida em vigor aqui. O que é isto? →

  • Peso 16Intensidade 100%Pontos 12,8

    Limites à transferência de dinheiro para o exterior, limites a investimentos no exterior, controles cambiais. O que é isto? →

  • Tetos de jurosPeso 14Intensidade 0%Pontos 0,0

    Tetos ou limites de juros sobre depósitos ou empréstimos e taxas de juros administradas. Nenhuma medida em vigor aqui. O que é isto? →

  • Peso 10Intensidade 90%Pontos 7,2

    Regras prudenciais que favorecem a dívida soberana (ponderações de risco zero, regras de reservas de liquidez, isenções no índice de alavancagem). O que é isto? →

  • Peso 10Intensidade 75%Pontos 6,0

    Empréstimos direcionados pelo Estado, orientação do crédito e exigências de investimento no país ou em prioridades estatais. O que é isto? →

  • Peso 7Intensidade 81%Pontos 4,6

    Privilégios tributários para títulos públicos ou penalidades tributárias sobre ativos concorrentes. O que é isto? →

  • Peso 6Intensidade 50%Pontos 2,4

    Controles de aluguéis, restrições imobiliárias e limites à posse de ouro, dinheiro em espécie ou criptoativos. O que é isto? →

  • Peso 5Intensidade 50%Pontos 2,0

    Tributos sobre transações financeiras, impostos do selo e cobranças semelhantes sobre ativos não governamentais. O que é isto? →

Pilar de mercado 26,1 / 100

A média dos indicadores com dados disponíveis, com peso de 20% no índice (5,2 pontos aqui).

  • Taxa básica de juros real

    0,0 / 100

    5,0% · 2025

    Taxa básica de juros menos inflação. Uma taxa real de +2% ou mais recebe pontuação 0; −5% ou menos recebe 100; entre esses limites, a pontuação varia linearmente. Os poupadores perdem mais quando ela é muito negativa.

    Taxa de juros real do Banco Mundial (taxa de empréstimo menos a inflação pelo deflator do PIB), 2025, usada porque o mês mais recente com taxa básica de juros e inflação (2025-06) é de mais de 12 meses atrás.

    Fonte: World Development Indicators

  • Dívida detida pelo banco central e por bancos nacionais

    52,2 / 100

    31,3% of government debt · 2025-Q4

    Parcela da dívida pública detida pelo banco central do país e pelos bancos nacionais. 0% recebe pontuação 0; 60% ou mais recebe 100; entre esses limites, a pontuação varia linearmente.

    Banco central: 17.71% + bancos nacionais: 13.62% da dívida do governo geral, 2025-Q4.

    Fonte: Sovereign Debt Investor Base for Advanced Economies / for Emerging Markets and Developing Economies (Arslanalp and Tsuda)

Indicadores

Dados observados de fontes internacionais, ao lado das regras acima. Juros reais abaixo de zero significam perda de poder de compra para os poupadores.

Taxa básica de juros real
-11,6%
jun. de 2025 · sem dados mais recentes
Dívida pública
80% do PIB
2025
Dívida detida pelo banco central
17,7%
4º trim. de 2025
Dívida detida por bancos nacionais
13,6%
4º trim. de 2025
Dívida detida por residentes não bancários
31,2%
4º trim. de 2025
Dívida detida por não residentes
37,4%
4º trim. de 2025
Abertura da conta de capitais
0,16 de 1
2023

Taxa básica de juros, inflação e taxa real

Juros reais negativos-400-20002004006002005201020152020202533,729,0-11,6

Quem detém a dívida pública

01020304050602005201020152020202537,431,217,713,6

Taxa básica de juros: BIS WS_CBPOL, end of month. EU = euro area (BIS code XM, ECB rate). China = 1-year Loan Prime Rate (BIS definition since Aug 2019). Argentina stops in June 2025: per BIS, from 10 July 2025 the BCRA targets monetary aggregates and has no policy rate. No data for Egypt (not in the BIS dataset).

Fontes: BIS, BIS central bank policy rates; BIS consumer prices; IMF, IMF DataMapper: World Economic Outlook (October 2026); Fiscal Monitor (October 2026); Menzie D. Chinn and Hiro Ito, The Chinn-Ito Index (KAOPEN): a de jure measure of financial openness; IMF, Sovereign Debt Investor Base for Advanced Economies / for Emerging Markets and Developing Economies (Arslanalp and Tsuda).

Medidas

Todas as medidas acompanhadas aqui, com sua base legal e fontes. Apenas medidas em vigor entram no índice.

Em vigor (15)

  • Securities restrictions after currency purchases and transfers

    Em vigor
    Desde
    26 de set. de 2025
    Categoria
    Controles de capitais
    Intensidade
    2 de 3

    Acrescenta 1,6 pontos ao índice

    Individuals buying foreign currency for savings must generally refrain from securities purchases settled in foreign currency for 90 calendar days. A comparable commitment applies to covered transfers abroad from local foreign-currency accounts. Exceptions favor qualifying domestic debt subscriptions and reinvestment of Treasury or BCRA bond payments.

    Por que entra no cálculo: These restrictions limit portfolio switching, while the exceptions preserve routes into domestic debt and reinvestment of public-bond proceeds.

  • Mandatory CNV registration for crypto platforms, including foreign exchanges

    Em vigor
    Desde
    28 de abr. de 2025
    Categoria
    Controles de capitais
    Intensidade
    2 de 3

    Acrescenta 1,6 pontos ao índice

    Virtual-asset service providers (PSAVs) must register with the securities regulator, the CNV, and anyone not registered must refrain from PSAV activity in the country (CNV RG 1058/2025, in force 45 days after its 14 March 2025 publication). A foreign-incorporated exchange counts as operating in Argentina, and so must register through a local branch or company, if it uses a .ar domain, has local on-ramp arrangements to receive residents' funds, clearly targets residents, advertises to them (customer-initiated 'reverse solicitation' excluded), or does more than 20% of its business in Argentina. Self-custody wallet providers, decentralised protocols with no identifiable provider and people exchanging on their own account are outside the definition. Individuals operating up to UVA 35,000 a month are exempt from registering.

    Por que entra no cálculo: Requiring foreign platforms that serve Argentines to set up locally puts their customers within reach of Argentine supervisors and tax reporting, and it can cut off unregistered offshore exchanges. Exits into crypto are steered into domestic, reportable channels.

  • Reserve relief tied to lending to smaller firms

    Em vigor
    Desde
    1 de abr. de 2024
    Categoria
    Crédito direcionado
    Intensidade
    2 de 3

    Acrescenta 3,0 pontos ao índice

    Covered banks can obtain reserve relief by meeting the MiPyME lending quota and the associated portfolio conditions. The standard quota is 7.5% of the relevant peso deposit base, with a reduced requirement for smaller banks and a required allocation to investment projects.

    Por que entra no cálculo: Reserve relief rewards lending to designated firms, directing deposit-funded credit toward state priorities.

  • Banks and payment-account providers barred from crypto services

    Em vigor
    Desde
    5 de mai. de 2022
    Categoria
    Restrições a ativos reais
    Intensidade
    2 de 3

    Acrescenta 2,4 pontos ao índice

    Since May 2022 the BCRA has barred financial institutions from carrying out, or facilitating for their clients, operations with digital assets, including crypto-assets and products whose returns track them, unless a competent national regulator or the BCRA has authorised them (Comunicación A 7506, now point 1.1 of the consolidated 'Servicios complementarios' rules). In May 2023 the same ban was extended to payment service providers that offer payment accounts (fintech wallets) (A 7759, now point 4.6 of the consolidated payment-provider rules). Both provisions are still in the consolidated texts as of September/October 2026. Reports in December 2025 that the BCRA was drafting rules to let banks offer crypto services in 2026 did not lead to a change: in October 2026 the BCRA's superintendent of financial institutions, Juan Curutchet, said economic fragility does not allow progress on integrating crypto into banking for now.

    Por que entra no cálculo: Savers cannot buy, hold or swap bitcoin or stablecoins through their bank or main wallet app, so crypto stays outside the regulated payment system. The friction and the stigma push savings back towards peso deposits and other instruments the banking system can capture.

  • Expanded use of Treasury bonds for bank reserves

    Em vigor
    Desde
    jun. de 2021
    Categoria
    Viés prudencial favorável à dívida soberana
    Intensidade
    3 de 3

    Acrescenta 5,0 pontos ao índice

    Banks may meet specified portions of their peso reserve requirements with eligible national Treasury securities. The rules favor qualifying primary subscriptions and permit eligible bonds received through government debt exchanges, with limits that vary by bank and deposit type.

    Por que entra no cálculo: Reserve eligibility gives Treasury debt a regulatory use that ordinary private investments lack, encouraging banks to channel deposits into government financing.

  • Capital-gains exemption for listed public bonds

    Em vigor
    Desde
    2020
    Categoria
    Incentivos fiscais
    Intensidade
    1 de 3

    Acrescenta 0,8 pontos ao índice

    Resident individuals and undivided estates are exempt from income tax on gains from disposing of qualifying securities listed on markets authorized by the securities regulator. The exemption covers listed public bonds and also extends to qualifying private securities.

    Por que entra no cálculo: Tax-free disposal gains make government bonds more attractive than taxable alternatives, although the benefit is shared with other listed investments.

  • Exchange-control rules that single out crypto purchases and holdings

    Em vigor
    Desde
    1 de nov. de 2019
    Categoria
    Controles de capitais
    Intensidade
    1 de 3

    Acrescenta 0,7 pontos ao índice

    Under the BCRA's exchange rules (texto ordenado 'Exterior y cambios', last updated by Comunicación A 8481, in force 15 September 2026), banks and card issuers need prior BCRA approval to access the official FX market to pay abroad for crypto-asset purchases made with locally issued cards or immediate account debits, a rule in force since 1 November 2019. Crypto also counts as a 'liquid external asset': for many FX-market outflows the client must declare that its CEDEARs and liquid external assets, crypto included, do not exceed USD 100,000, or else obtain prior BCRA approval; this does not apply to resident individuals' purchases of foreign currency for savings under points 3.8 and 3.9. Clients other than resident individuals, mainly companies, must also declare that in the previous 90 days they have not handed over pesos or other local assets in exchange for crypto, and commit not to do so for the following 90 days.

    Por que entra no cálculo: Cardholders cannot use the official exchange rate to buy crypto abroad, and companies that move pesos into crypto lose access to official dollars, which blocks crypto as a cheap route out of the peso. Treating crypto like foreign cash and offshore deposits brings it inside the capital-control perimeter.

  • Prior approval for corporate purchases of foreign assets

    Em vigor
    Desde
    1 de set. de 2019
    Categoria
    Controles de capitais
    Intensidade
    3 de 3

    Acrescenta 3,7 pontos ao índice

    Companies, domestic investment funds and trusts generally need BCRA approval to buy foreign currency through the exchange market for foreign-asset accumulation.

    Por que entra no cálculo: Restricting access to foreign investments keeps more corporate liquidity in domestic assets, including peso deposits and government securities.

  • Exchange controls on older dividends

    Em vigor
    Desde
    1 de set. de 2019
    Categoria
    Controles de capitais
    Intensidade
    2 de 3

    Acrescenta 1,6 pontos ao índice

    Access to the exchange market for older dividends generally requires BCRA approval unless an exception applies. Distributable profits from financial years beginning on or after 1 January 2025 qualify for remittance subject to documentation requirements.

    Por que entra no cálculo: Restrictions on older profits retain shareholder funds domestically and increase the pool available for local financial investments.

  • Repatriation and conversion of corporate export receipts

    Em vigor
    Desde
    set. de 2019
    Categoria
    Controles de capitais
    Intensidade
    3 de 3

    Acrescenta 3,7 pontos ao índice

    Corporate exporters generally must bring export receipts into Argentina and convert them through the exchange market within prescribed deadlines. Exemptions cover qualifying investment regimes and permitted uses of receipts; individual exporters have broader conversion exemptions.

    Por que entra no cálculo: Mandatory conversion limits foreign-currency saving and supplies peso balances that can fund domestic banks and government debt.

  • Income tax on crypto gains and wealth tax on crypto holdings

    Em vigor
    Desde
    2018
    Categoria
    Incentivos fiscais
    Intensidade
    2 de 3

    Acrescenta 1,9 pontos ao índice

    Since the 2017 tax reform (Ley 27.430, applying from fiscal year 2018), gains from disposing of 'monedas digitales' are taxable income. For resident individuals, Argentine-source gains are taxed at 5% on peso sales without an adjustment clause and 15% on foreign-currency (or adjustable-peso) sales, and ARCA says foreign-source crypto gains are taxed at 15% in all cases. As for other investment income under the same chapter, crypto losses are ring-fenced: they can be offset only against gains of the same kind (and the same source, if foreign) in the same year or the following five years. ARCA also treats crypto as taxable under the personal-assets (wealth) tax, valued at 31 December at acquisition cost plus accrued interest, adjustments and exchange differences.

    Por que entra no cálculo: Listed public bonds are exempt from capital-gains tax and government bonds from wealth tax (see ar-listed-bond-capital-gains-exemption and ar-government-bond-wealth-tax-exemption). Crypto, by contrast, is taxed on both gains and holdings, and dollar-equivalent crypto gains bear the higher 15% rate. This tilts the after-tax return towards domestic sovereign debt.

  • Public pension fund allocation to domestic projects

    Em vigor
    Desde
    23 de jul. de 2016
    Categoria
    Crédito direcionado
    Intensidade
    2 de 3

    Acrescenta 3,0 pontos ao índice

    The public pension reserve fund, FGS, must allocate at least 5% of its assets to instruments financing medium- and long-term productive, property or infrastructure projects in Argentina.

    Por que entra no cálculo: The statutory floor directs pension assets into domestic development priorities and limits the fund's freedom to choose investments solely for financial returns.

  • Zero credit-risk weight for peso sovereign exposures

    Em vigor
    Desde
    1 de jan. de 2013
    Categoria
    Viés prudencial favorável à dívida soberana
    Intensidade
    2 de 3

    Acrescenta 2,2 pontos ao índice

    Banks apply a 0% credit-risk weight to peso exposures to the national government when funded in pesos. This treatment concerns credit-risk capital requirements; other prudential requirements still apply.

    Por que entra no cálculo: Holding qualifying government debt consumes less credit-risk capital than ordinary private lending, creating a structural incentive to finance the Treasury.

  • Wealth-tax exemption for government bonds

    Em vigor
    Desde
    31 de dez. de 2002
    Categoria
    Incentivos fiscais
    Intensidade
    2 de 3

    Acrescenta 1,9 pontos ao índice

    National, provincial, municipal and Buenos Aires city government securities are exempt from the personal-assets tax. The exemption applies to the bond holdings themselves, while many alternative assets remain taxable.

    Por que entra no cálculo: The exemption raises the after-tax value of public debt relative to taxable investments, encouraging savers to hold government securities.

  • Tax on bank account debits and credits

    Em vigor
    Desde
    2001
    Categoria
    Tributos sobre transações
    Intensidade
    2 de 3

    Acrescenta 2,0 pontos ao índice

    The general bank-transaction tax charges 0.6% on taxable credits and 0.6% on taxable debits. Exemptions, reduced rates and credits against other taxes limit the effective burden for eligible accounts and taxpayers.

    Por que entra no cálculo: Unrecovered transaction taxes reduce the net proceeds from financial activity and the returns available for reinvestment.

Revogada (3)

  • 2024 tax amnesty for undeclared crypto, conditioned on custody with a regulated provider

    Revogada
    Desde
    8 de jul. de 2024
    Categoria
    Incentivos fiscais
    Intensidade
    1 de 3

    Não entra no índice

    The 2024 asset-regularisation regime (Ley 27.743, Title II) let residents declare previously hidden assets, explicitly including cryptocurrencies and crypto-assets. The first USD 100,000 paid no special tax, and amounts above that paid 5%, 10% or 15% depending on the stage. Under Decreto 608/2024, crypto counted as a domestic asset only if held at the regularisation date by a PSAV registered with the CNV. Crypto not held by an authorised custodian could enter the regime only if it was moved, before the stage-1 adhesion deadline, to an authorised entity in Argentina or in a jurisdiction not on the FATF black or grey lists, and kept there until that date. Under the law the stages ran to 31 March 2025 and adhesion to 30 April 2025, both extendable to 31 July 2025.

    Por que entra no cálculo: The amnesty pulled hidden crypto savings into the tax net and, for self-custodied coins, into regulated custodians, a one-off steer away from anonymous holdings. CNV-registered local custody was rewarded with domestic-asset treatment.

  • Bank-transaction tax exemptions withdrawn for crypto-related flows

    Revogada
    Desde
    17 de nov. de 2021
    Categoria
    Tributos sobre transações
    Intensidade
    1 de 3

    Não entra no índice

    From 17 November 2021 to 17 June 2026, Decreto 796/2021 (art. 7) provided that none of the exemptions of the bank debit and credit tax (Ley 25.413, regulated by Decreto 380/2001) or similar rules applied to fund movements linked to buying, selling, swapping, intermediating or any other operation on crypto-assets, cryptocurrencies, digital currencies or similar instruments, so peso flows to and from crypto platforms bore the tax even where an exemption would otherwise apply. Decreto 475/2026 (published 18 June 2026, in force the same day) repealed that paragraph and added an exemption for accounts used exclusively by virtual-asset service providers registered with the CNV, provided the accounts are also registered with the tax authority.

    Por que entra no cálculo: Each peso movement into or out of a crypto platform pays the transaction tax, which adds a cost to using crypto as a savings or dollar substitute. Flows into exempt instruments avoid that cost.

  • PAIS tax on foreign-currency purchases

    Revogada
    Desde
    dez. de 2019
    Categoria
    Tributos sobre transações
    Intensidade
    3 de 3

    Não entra no índice

    The PAIS tax imposed a 30% charge on covered foreign-currency purchases for savings, alongside taxes on specified foreign spending. It expired after 22 December 2024; separate advance income- and wealth-tax collections were distinct from this tax.

    Por que entra no cálculo: The tax made conversion into foreign-currency savings more expensive and encouraged savers to retain domestic assets.

Antes de hoje

12 exemplos de Argentina no conjunto de instrumentos, do passado e do presente, agrupados conforme a função do instrumento. Cada um inclui links para o instrumento, seus outros exemplos e a lei citada.

DirecioneDirecione a poupança para o Estado

BloqueieBloqueie as saídas

ReescrevaReescreva o acordo em uma crise

Leituras adicionais