Canada
Canadian financial repression is mild and works mostly through bank regulation and the housing market. OSFI gives Government of Canada debt a 0% risk weight and Level 1 liquidity status, with the same treatment for CMHC-guaranteed mortgage-backed securities. The Bank of Canada ended quantitative tightening in 2025 and since December 2025 buys treasury bills at primary auctions. Housing is the most regulated store of value: a federal ban on non-Canadian buyers runs to 1 January 2027, Ontario and British Columbia levy 25% and 20% foreign-buyer taxes, and both provinces cap rent increases on sitting tenants at or below inflation. Crypto is fenced in by a $30,000 annual limit on most tokens for retail clients of regulated platforms and by stablecoin reserve rules; the Stablecoin Act, which bars interest to holders, is passed but not yet in force, while a $10,000 cash-payment ban and crypto transaction reporting are still bills.
- 10 en vigueur
- 1 adoptée
- 2 proposées ou en discussion
Mesures au
Construction de l’indice
Chaque segment représente la contribution d’une catégorie de règles ou du pilier marché à l’indice. La barre entière vaut 100.
- Demande captive 3,2
- Financement par la banque centrale 6,4
- Contrôle des capitaux 3,2
- Plafonnement des taux 2,8
- Biais prudentiel en faveur de la dette souveraine 4,0
- Crédit dirigé 0,0
- Incitations fiscales 0,0
- Restrictions sur les actifs réels 3,7
- Taxes sur les transactions 0,0
- Pilier marché 8,0
Indice = 80 % × règles (29,1) + 20 % × marché (40,0) = 31,3
La méthode en termes simples
- Pilier règles (0–100). Chacune des 9 catégories peut contribuer à hauteur de sa pondération (la somme des pondérations vaut 100). L’intensité d’une catégorie augmente avec chaque mesure en vigueur : une mesure compte selon son coefficient de sévérité (0,25 pour une sévérité de 1, 0,5 pour 2, 0,8 pour 3), puis chaque mesure supplémentaire comble une partie de l’écart restant. Le cumul des mesures a donc un effet décroissant : deux mesures de sévérité 3 donnent 96 %.
- Pilier marché (0–100). Moyenne des indicateurs de marché ci-dessous : degré de négativité du taux directeur réel et part de la dette publique détenue par la banque centrale et les banques du pays.
- Indice. 80 % pour les règles + 20 % pour le marché lorsque des données de marché sont disponibles ; sinon, les règles seules. Les lois adoptées mais pas encore applicables ne comptent que dans les perspectives ; les propositions ne comptent jamais.
Les 9 catégories
Pondération = nombre maximal de points qu’une catégorie peut apporter au pilier règles. Intensité = part de cette pondération remplie par les mesures en vigueur. Ouvrez une catégorie pour voir les mesures prises en compte ; « Qu’est-ce que c’est ? » présente les instruments correspondants, dans le monde et au fil de l’histoire.
- 1 adoptée non prises en comptePondération 16Intensité 25 %Points 3,2 → 8,0 lorsque les lois adoptées s’appliqueront
Détention obligatoire de dette publique par les fonds de pension, les assureurs ou les banques. Qu’est-ce que c’est ? →
Demande captive : mesures prises en compte dans l’indice Mesure prise en compte Sévérité Coefficient Points 1 sur 3 0,25 3,2 - Pondération 16Intensité 50 %Points 6,4
Achats de dette publique par la banque centrale, contrôle de la courbe des taux, financement monétaire direct. Qu’est-ce que c’est ? →
Financement par la banque centrale : mesures prises en compte dans l’indice Mesure prise en compte Sévérité Coefficient Points 2 sur 3 0,5 6,4 - 1 proposée non prises en comptePondération 16Intensité 25 %Points 3,2
Restrictions aux transferts d’argent à l’étranger, plafonnement des investissements à l’étranger, contrôle des changes. Qu’est-ce que c’est ? →
Contrôle des capitaux : mesures prises en compte dans l’indice Mesure prise en compte Sévérité Coefficient Points 1 sur 3 0,25 3,2 - Pondération 14Intensité 25 %Points 2,8
Plafonnement des taux des dépôts ou des prêts, et taux d’intérêt administrés. Qu’est-ce que c’est ? →
Plafonnement des taux : mesures prises en compte dans l’indice Mesure prise en compte Sévérité Coefficient Points 1 sur 3 0,25 2,8 - Pondération 10Intensité 50 %Points 4,0
Règles prudentielles favorisant la dette souveraine (pondérations de risque nulles, règles sur les coussins de liquidité, exemptions du ratio de levier). Qu’est-ce que c’est ? →
Biais prudentiel en faveur de la dette souveraine : mesures prises en compte dans l’indice Mesure prise en compte Sévérité Coefficient Points 2 sur 3 0,5 4,0 - Crédit dirigéPondération 10Intensité 0 %Points 0,0
Prêts dirigés par l’État, orientation du crédit et obligations d’investir dans le pays ou dans les priorités de l’État. Aucune mesure en vigueur ici. Qu’est-ce que c’est ? →
- Incitations fiscalesPondération 7Intensité 0 %Points 0,0
Avantages fiscaux pour les obligations d’État ou pénalités fiscales sur les actifs concurrents. Aucune mesure en vigueur ici. Qu’est-ce que c’est ? →
- 1 proposée non prises en comptePondération 6Intensité 76 %Points 3,7
Encadrement des loyers, restrictions immobilières et limites à la détention d’or, d’espèces ou de cryptoactifs. Qu’est-ce que c’est ? →
Restrictions sur les actifs réels : mesures prises en compte dans l’indice Mesure prise en compte Sévérité Coefficient Points 1 sur 3 0,25 0,7 1 sur 3 0,25 0,7 1 sur 3 0,25 0,7 1 sur 3 0,25 0,7 1 sur 3 0,25 0,7 - Taxes sur les transactionsPondération 5Intensité 0 %Points 0,0
Taxes sur les transactions financières, droits de timbre et prélèvements similaires sur les actifs autres que les titres publics. Aucune mesure en vigueur ici. Qu’est-ce que c’est ? →
Pilier marché 40,0 / 100
Moyenne des indicateurs pour lesquels des données sont disponibles, représentant 20 % de l’indice (8,0 points ici).
Taux directeur réel
39,7 / 100-0,8% · août 2026
Taux directeur moins inflation. Un taux réel de +2 % ou plus vaut 0 ; −5 % ou moins vaut 100 ; entre les deux, le score évolue de façon linéaire. Les épargnants perdent le plus lorsque le taux est fortement négatif.
Taux directeur de 2.25 % moins inflation des prix à la consommation de 3.034 % (sur un an), 2026-08.
Dette détenue par la banque centrale et les banques nationales
40,2 / 10024,1% of government debt · 2025-Q4
Part de la dette publique détenue par la banque centrale et les banques nationales. 0 % vaut 0 ; 60 % ou plus vaut 100 ; entre les deux, le score évolue de façon linéaire.
Banque centrale : 5.88 % + banques nationales : 18.24 % de la dette des administrations publiques, 2025-Q4.
Indicateurs
Données observées provenant de sources internationales, en complément des règles ci-dessus. Des taux réels inférieurs à zéro signifient que les épargnants perdent du pouvoir d’achat.
Taux directeur, inflation et taux réel
Qui détient la dette publique
L’effet de liquidation suit l’approche de Reinhart et Sbrancia : avec un taux réel négatif, environ −(taux réel × dette) du PIB passe chaque année des épargnants à l’État. Le calcul utilise le taux directeur et ne donne donc qu’un ordre de grandeur. Sources : BIS, BIS central bank policy rates; BIS consumer prices; IMF, IMF DataMapper: World Economic Outlook (October 2026); Fiscal Monitor (October 2026); Menzie D. Chinn and Hiro Ito, The Chinn-Ito Index (KAOPEN): a de jure measure of financial openness; IMF, Sovereign Debt Investor Base for Advanced Economies / for Emerging Markets and Developing Economies (Arslanalp and Tsuda).
Mesures
Toutes les mesures suivies ici, avec leur fondement juridique et leurs sources. Seules les mesures en vigueur entrent dans l’indice.
En vigueur (10)
Bank of Canada ends QT and buys GoC treasury bills at primary auctions
Ajoute 6,4 points à l’indice
The Bank of Canada ended quantitative tightening and restarted asset purchases with term repos from 5 March 2025, then resumed purchases of Government of Canada treasury bills from 16 December 2025, bought in the primary market at GoC auctions on a non-competitive basis. Purchases of GoC bonds, in the secondary market, are expected to start around 2027.
Pourquoi cette mesure compte : The central bank becomes a standing, price-insensitive buyer of new federal debt at auction as its balance sheet grows with currency in circulation, absorbing part of each bill issue.
Fondement juridique Bank of Canada market notice: restart of Government of Canada treasury bill purchases et 2 de plus
Bank of Canada market notice: restart of Government of Canada treasury bill purchasesSource primaire
“The Bank will resume purchases of treasury bills effective December 16, 2025, with purchases being conducted in the primary market at GoC auctions on a non-competitive basis.”
Bank of Canada Act (R.S.C., 1985, c. B-2), Section 18(c)Source primaire
“buy and sell securities issued or guaranteed by Canada or any province;”
Bank of Canada market notice: operational details for restarting asset purchases to end quantitative tighteningSource primaire
“Today, the Bank of Canada is announcing its plan to complete its balance sheet normalization, ending quantitative tightening.”
Criminal interest rate cut to 35% APR
Ajoute 2,8 points à l’indice
Section 347 of the Criminal Code makes it an offence to lend at a criminal rate, defined as an annual percentage rate above 35 per cent on the credit advanced. From 1 January 2025 the cap moved from an effective annual rate of 60% to 35% APR; regulations exempt commercial loans over $500,000 to non-individuals and allow up to 48% APR on some commercial loans between $10,000 and $500,000 and on small pawn loans.
Pourquoi cette mesure compte : A legal ceiling on lending rates limits what non-bank lenders and credit investors can earn on high-risk consumer credit; it is mild and narrow, as it binds only far above market rates.
Fondement juridique Criminal Code (R.S.C., 1985, c. C-46), Section 347(2), definition of "criminal rate"
Criminal Code (R.S.C., 1985, c. C-46), Section 347(2), definition of "criminal rate"Source primaire
“means an annual percentage rate of interest calculated in accordance with generally accepted actuarial practices and principles that exceeds 35 per cent on the credit advanced;”
Crypto trading platforms: $30,000 annual net purchase limit for retail clients (non-specified crypto assets)
Ajoute 0,7 points à l’indice
Under the exemptive decisions that let crypto asset trading platforms operate in Canada, a client may buy, on a net basis over the preceding 12 months, no more than $30,000 of crypto assets other than 'Specified Crypto Assets' (bitcoin, ether, bitcoin cash, litecoin and compliant value-referenced crypto assets). Under the suitability model, limits are $30,000 for non-eligible investors and $100,000 for eligible crypto investors, with no limit for accredited crypto investors; residents of some provinces (Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, Québec and Saskatchewan in the April 2026 Coinbase decision) are excluded.
Pourquoi cette mesure compte : Caps how much retail savers can move into most crypto assets through regulated domestic platforms, limiting one route out of bank deposits and Canadian-dollar assets.
Fondement juridique OSC Director's Decision: Coinbase Canada Inc. and Coinbase, Inc. (exemptive relief under Ontario securities legislation, passport decision), Investment limit condition et 1 de plus
OSC Director's Decision: Coinbase Canada Inc. and Coinbase, Inc. (exemptive relief under Ontario securities legislation, passport decision), Investment limit conditionSource primaire
“in the preceding 12 months does not exceed a net acquisition cost of $30,000.”
OSC Staff Notice 33-757, Investment limitsSource primaire
“$30,000 for a client that does not meet the definition of an eligible crypto investor, $100,000 for a client that meets the definition of an eligible crypto investor, and no investment limit for a client that meets the definition of an accredited crypto investor.”
Stablecoins on Canadian crypto platforms must be backed by cash, 90-day Canadian or U.S. government debt, or money market funds
Ajoute 3,2 points à l’indice
Registered crypto trading platforms may let clients buy or deposit only value-referenced crypto assets (stablecoins) that meet conditions in their exemptive decisions, including a reserve in the reference currency made up of cash, debt with 90 days or less to maturity issued or guaranteed by the government of Canada or of the United States, regulated money market funds, or other assets regulators consent to.
Pourquoi cette mesure compte : Stablecoins sold to Canadians must park their reserves in cash and short-term sovereign paper, creating captive demand for treasury bills while holders earn nothing.
Fondement juridique OSC Director's Decision: Coinbase Canada Inc. and Coinbase, Inc., Condition XXIX(b) and Appendix C (value-referenced crypto asset conditions), para. (d)(i) et 1 de plus
OSC Director's Decision: Coinbase Canada Inc. and Coinbase, Inc., Condition XXIX(b) and Appendix C (value-referenced crypto asset conditions), para. (d)(i)Source primaire
“investments that are evidence of indebtedness with a remaining term to maturity of 90 days or less and that are issued, or fully and unconditionally guaranteed as to principal and interest, by the government of Canada or the government of the United States;”
OSC Director's Decision: Coinbase Canada Inc. and Coinbase, Inc., Condition XXIX(b)Source primaire
“Value-Referenced Crypto Assets other than Value-Referenced Crypto Assets that meet the terms and conditions in Appendix C of this Decision.”
Ban on purchases of residential property by non-Canadians (to 1 January 2027)
Ajoute 0,7 points à l’indice
The Prohibition on the Purchase of Residential Property by Non-Canadians Act bars foreign nationals and foreign-controlled commercial enterprises from buying residential property, with exceptions for some temporary residents, protected persons and other prescribed cases; the regulations limit it to census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations. In force since January 2023, it was extended in 2024 from 1 January 2025 to 1 January 2027; a repeal provision of the 2022 enacting act is listed as not yet in force.
Pourquoi cette mesure compte : Closes the domestic housing market to foreign capital, narrowing the buyer pool and the exit value of Canadian residential property; mainly an affordability measure.
Fondement juridique Prohibition on the Purchase of Residential Property by Non-Canadians Act (S.C. 2022, c. 10, s. 235), Section 4(1) et 3 de plus
Prohibition on the Purchase of Residential Property by Non-Canadians Act (S.C. 2022, c. 10, s. 235), Section 4(1)Source primaire
“Despite section 34 of the Citizenship Act , it is prohibited for a non-Canadian to purchase, directly or indirectly, any residential property.”
Prohibition on the Purchase of Residential Property by Non-Canadians Regulations (SOR/2022-250)Source primaire
“makes the annexed Prohibition on the Purchase of Residential Property by Non-Canadians Regulations under section 8 of the Prohibition on the Purchase of Residential Property by Non-Canadians Act”
Department of Finance Canada news release: two-year extension of the foreign-buyer banSource primaire
“which is currently set to expire on January 1, 2025, will be extended to January 1, 2027.”
Budget Implementation Act, 2022, No. 1 (S.C. 2022, c. 10), as amended by S.C. 2024, c. 17, Budget Implementation Act, 2022, No. 1 (S.C. 2022, c. 10), s. 237(2), as amended by S.C. 2024, c. 17, s. 149Source primaire
“Section 236 comes into force on the fourth anniversary of the day on which section 235 comes into force.”
Provincial foreign-buyer taxes: Ontario NRST 25%, British Columbia additional transfer tax 20%
Ajoute 0,7 points à l’indice
Ontario's Non-Resident Speculation Tax applies to purchases of residential property (one to six single-family residences) anywhere in Ontario by foreign nationals, foreign corporations and taxable trustees, at 25% since 25 October 2022, on top of the land transfer tax. British Columbia's additional property transfer tax charges foreign entities and taxable trustees 20% of the fair market value of their share of residential property in specified areas.
Pourquoi cette mesure compte : Punitive transfer taxes on non-resident buyers wall off provincial housing markets from foreign capital and cut the exit value and liquidity of residential property.
Fondement juridique Land Transfer Tax Act (R.S.O. 1990, c. L.6), Section 2(2.1) Additional tax on foreign entities and taxable trustees et 3 de plus
Land Transfer Tax Act (R.S.O. 1990, c. L.6), Section 2(2.1) Additional tax on foreign entities and taxable trusteesSource primaire
“every person who, on or after April 21, 2017, tenders for registration in Ontario a conveyance by which any designated land that is located within the specified region is conveyed to a foreign entity or a taxable trustee shall pay”
Ontario Ministry of Finance guidance: Non-Resident Speculation Tax (rate under O. Reg. 182/17), OverviewSource primaire
“Effective October 25, 2022, the NRST rate is 25%.”
Property Transfer Tax Act (R.S.B.C. 1996, c. 378), Section 2.02(2)Source primaire
“the subject matter of the taxable transaction includes residential property located, in whole or in part, within a specified area, and (b) any transferee is a foreign entity or taxable trustee, or both.”
B.C. Ministry of Finance guidance: Additional property transfer tax for foreign entities and taxable trusteesSource primaire
“If the property transfer is within the following areas, the tax rate is 20% on the fair market value of your proportionate share:”
Bank prudential rules favoring Government of Canada debt (0% risk weight, LCR Level 1)
Ajoute 4,0 points à l’indice
Under OSFI's Capital Adequacy Requirements, exposures to the Canadian sovereign and the Bank of Canada are risk-weighted at 0%, and provinces, territories and government agents whose debts are obligations of the parent government get the same weight as the Government of Canada. Under the Liquidity Adequacy Requirements, sovereign securities count as Level 1 liquid assets, which carry no haircut and no cap, and NHA mortgage-backed securities guaranteed by the federal housing agency may also be counted as Level 1.
Pourquoi cette mesure compte : Banks can meet capital and liquidity rules with federal, provincial and CMHC-guaranteed paper at no capital cost, which builds structural bank demand for government and government-guaranteed debt.
Fondement juridique OSFI Guideline: Capital Adequacy Requirements (CAR) (2027), Chapter 4 - Credit Risk - Standardized Approach (issued under the Bank Act), Section 4.1.1 Exposures to sovereigns and central banks et 2 de plus
OSFI Guideline: Capital Adequacy Requirements (CAR) (2027), Chapter 4 - Credit Risk - Standardized Approach (issued under the Bank Act), Section 4.1.1 Exposures to sovereigns and central banksSource primaire
“For capital adequacy purposes, exposures to the Canadian sovereign and central bank are to be risk-weighted at 0%.”
OSFI Guideline: Liquidity Adequacy Requirements (LAR) (2026), Chapter 2 - Liquidity Coverage Ratio, Level 1 assetsSource primaire
“Level 1 assets will not be subject to a haircut (i.e. can be included in HQLA at 100% of their market value).”
OSFI Guideline: Liquidity Adequacy Requirements (LAR) (2026), Chapter 2 - Liquidity Coverage Ratio, Level 1 assets (NHA MBS)Source primaire
“Securities issued under the National Housing Act Mortgage Backed Securities (NHA MBS) program may be included as Level 1 assets.”
Ontario rent increase guideline (2.1% in 2026, 1.9% in 2027, capped at 2.5%)
Ajoute 0,7 points à l’indice
Under the Residential Tenancies Act, 2006, landlords may not raise a sitting tenant's rent by more than the annual guideline without Landlord and Tenant Board approval. The guideline follows Ontario CPI but can be no more than 2.5%; it is 2.1% for 2026 and 1.9% for 2027. Units first occupied for residential purposes after 15 November 2018 are exempt, and rents reset freely on turnover.
Pourquoi cette mesure compte : Holds rents on existing tenancies at or below inflation, eroding the real return on residential rental property held by savers and landlords.
Fondement juridique Residential Tenancies Act, 2006 (S.O. 2006, c. 17), Section 120(1) et 2 de plus
Residential Tenancies Act, 2006 (S.O. 2006, c. 17), Section 120(1)Source primaire
“No landlord may increase the rent charged to a tenant, or to an assignee under section 95, during the term of their tenancy by more than the guideline,”
Residential Tenancies Act, 2006 (S.O. 2006, c. 17), Section 120(2), paragraph 2Source primaire
“The guideline for a calendar year shall be not more than 2.5 per cent.”
Government of Ontario guidance: Residential rent increases, Rent increase guidelineSource primaire
“The rent increase guideline for 2027 is 1.9% . The guideline is the maximum a landlord can increase most tenants’ rent during a year without the approval of the Landlord and Tenant Board.”
British Columbia annual rent increase limit (2.3% in 2026, 2.2% in 2027)
Ajoute 0,7 points à l’indice
Under B.C.'s Residential Tenancy Act a landlord may raise rent only up to the amount set by regulation, once every 12 months and with three months' notice, unless the tenant agrees or the director approves more. The limit is tied to the 12-month average B.C. CPI: 2.3% for 2026 and 2.2% for 2027.
Pourquoi cette mesure compte : Caps rent growth on existing tenancies at or below inflation, eroding the real return on rental property.
Fondement juridique Residential Tenancy Act (S.B.C. 2002, c. 78), Section 43(1) et 1 de plus
Residential Tenancy Act (S.B.C. 2002, c. 78), Section 43(1)Source primaire
“A landlord may impose a rent increase only up to the amount (a) calculated in accordance with the regulations, (b) ordered by the director on an application under subsection (3), or (c) agreed to by the tenant in writing.”
Residential Tenancy Branch: rent increase limitsSource primaire
“The 2026 rent increase limit for residential tenancies is 2.3%. The 2027 rent increase limit for residential tenancies is 2.2%.”
Form T1135: annual reporting of foreign property costing over $100,000
Ajoute 3,2 points à l’indice
Canadian residents (individuals, corporations, trusts and some partnerships) whose specified foreign property has a total cost amount above $100,000 at any time in the year must file Form T1135 with the CRA. Late filing or omissions attract penalties, and failure to report can extend the normal reassessment period by three years.
Pourquoi cette mesure compte : Makes savings held abroad visible to the tax authority and costly to get wrong, adding friction to moving savings out of Canadian assets; it is a reporting rule, not a ban.
Fondement juridique Income Tax Act (R.S.C., 1985, c. 1 (5th Supp.)), Section 233.3(1), definition of "reporting entity"
Income Tax Act (R.S.C., 1985, c. 1 (5th Supp.)), Section 233.3(1), definition of "reporting entity"Source primaire
“the total of all amounts each of which is the cost amount to the entity of a specified foreign property of the entity exceeds $100,000.”
Adoptée, pas encore en vigueur (1)
Stablecoin Act: reserves in cash or high-quality liquid assets, no interest or yield to holders
Compte uniquement dans les perspectives : ajoute 5,7 points dès son application
The Stablecoin Act, enacted by the Budget 2025 Implementation Act, No. 1 (Royal Assent 26 March 2026), will make the Bank of Canada supervisor of stablecoin issuers, who must hold a reserve at least equal to the par value of outstanding coins, composed exclusively of the reference currency or other high-quality liquid assets in that currency, and may not pay holders any interest or yield. No provision is in force yet: they come into force on dates fixed by order in council, and DLA Piper expects the framework to come into force in 2027 once regulations are made.
Pourquoi cette mesure compte : Fiat-backed stablecoins must be backed by cash and liquid assets, in practice largely short-term government paper, while the yield on those reserves cannot be passed to holders, creating a zero-interest claim backed by state debt.
Fondement juridique Stablecoin Act (S.C. 2026, c. 3, s. 600), official consolidation, Stablecoin Act (S.C. 2026, c. 3, s. 600), s. 37(3) et 2 de plus
Stablecoin Act (S.C. 2026, c. 3, s. 600), official consolidation, Stablecoin Act (S.C. 2026, c. 3, s. 600), s. 37(3)Source primaire
“The reserve of assets must be composed exclusively of the reference currency or other high-quality liquid assets that are (a) denominated in the reference currency;”
Stablecoin Act (S.C. 2026, c. 3, s. 600), official consolidation, Stablecoin Act, section 32 (No Interest or Yield Prohibition)Source primaire
“An issuer must not, directly or indirectly, grant or pay to the holder of a stablecoin that the issuer has issued any form of interest or yield in respect of that stablecoin,”
Stablecoin Act (S.C. 2026, c. 3, s. 600), official consolidation, Stablecoin Act, section 97 (Coming into Force)Source primaire
“The provisions of this Act come into force on a day or days to be fixed by order of the Governor in Council.”
Proposée (2)
Crypto-Asset Reporting Framework: platforms to report users' crypto transactions to the CRA (Bill C-31)
Non pris en compte dans l’indice
Bill C-31, the Budget 2025 Implementation Act, No. 2, would add Part XXI to the Income Tax Act implementing the OECD Crypto-Asset Reporting Framework: reporting crypto-asset service providers must report the name, address, jurisdiction of residence, TIN and date of birth of reportable users and their transactions, from the 2027 calendar year. Introduced on 6 May 2026, the bill is at committee stage in the House of Commons.
Pourquoi cette mesure compte : Ends the opacity of crypto holdings at exchanges, with automatic exchange with other tax authorities, reducing crypto's use as an untracked exit from the domestic financial system.
Fondement juridique Bill C-31, Budget 2025 Implementation Act, No. 2 (45th Parliament, 1st session), first reading, Clause 99, new Income Tax Act s. 298(1) (Part XXI)
Bill C-31, Budget 2025 Implementation Act, No. 2 (45th Parliament, 1st session), first reading, Clause 99, new Income Tax Act s. 298(1) (Part XXI)Source primaire
“the reporting crypto-asset service provider must report the following information with respect to each of its crypto-asset users that are reportable users or that have controlling persons that are reportable persons”
Strong Borders Act (Bill C-2): ban on accepting cash payments of $10,000 or more
Non pris en compte dans l’indice
Part 11 of Bill C-2 would make it an offence for any person or entity engaged in a business, a profession or charitable fundraising to accept a cash payment, donation or deposit of $10,000 or more in one transaction or a prescribed series, and would bar banks and other listed entities from accepting cash deposits from third parties. Introduced 3 June 2025, the bill is at second reading in the House of Commons; the parts of C-2 that became Bill C-12 (Royal Assent 26 March 2026) did not include the cash ban.
Pourquoi cette mesure compte : A cash-payment ceiling limits the use of physical currency as a store of value and means of payment outside the banking system, pushing large transactions into monitored bank money.
Fondement juridique Bill C-2, Strong Borders Act (45th Parliament, 1st session), first reading, Summary, Part 11; clause 136 (new PCMLTFA s. 77.5)
Bill C-2, Strong Borders Act (45th Parliament, 1st session), first reading, Summary, Part 11; clause 136 (new PCMLTFA s. 77.5)Source primaire
“prohibit certain entities from accepting cash deposits from third parties and certain persons or entities from accepting cash payments, donations or deposits of $10,000 or more.”
Abrogée (1)
Underused Housing Tax of 1% on non-Canadian-owned residential property (eliminated from 2025)
Non pris en compte dans l’indice
The federal Underused Housing Tax charged owners of residential property 1% a year of its taxable value (or fair market value), with Canadian citizens, permanent residents, listed Canadian corporations and others excluded, unless an exemption such as occupancy applied. The Budget 2025 Implementation Act, No. 1 (S.C. 2026, c. 3) provides that no tax is payable and no return is required for 2025 and later years, and repeals the Act from 1 January 2035; the tax still applies to 2022-2024.
Pourquoi cette mesure compte : While in force it raised the carrying cost of Canadian homes held by foreign owners, discouraging use of Canadian housing as a store of value for non-residents.
Fondement juridique Underused Housing Tax Act (S.C. 2022, c. 5, s. 10), Section 1.1 (added by S.C. 2026, c. 3, s. 167) et 1 de plus
Underused Housing Tax Act (S.C. 2022, c. 5, s. 10), Section 1.1 (added by S.C. 2026, c. 3, s. 167)Source primaire
“No tax is payable under subsection 6(3) by a person in respect of a residential property for 2025 and subsequent calendar years.”
Underused Housing Tax Act (S.C. 2022, c. 5, s. 10), Section 6(3)Source primaire
“is an owner of a residential property (other than an excluded owner of the residential property) must pay to His Majesty in right of Canada tax in respect of the residential property”
Avant aujourd’hui
4 exemples pour Canada dans la boîte à outils, d’hier et d’aujourd’hui, classés selon la fonction de l’outil. Chaque exemple renvoie à l’instrument, à ses autres exemples et à la loi citée.
OrientezOrientez l’épargne vers l’État
Demande captive
Campagnes volontaires d’emprunts de guerre et d’épargne patriotique (pression morale)Victory Loan campaigns run by the National War Savings Committee and, after 1942, the National War Finance Committee
1940 → 1945HistoriqueBiais prudentiel en faveur de la dette souveraine
Exclusions des titres publics et des réserves de banque centrale du ratio de levierOSFI temporary leverage ratio exclusions announced 9 April 2020 (letter of 13 September 2022 on their unwind)
2020 → 2021Historique
MaintenezMaintenez le prix de l’argent bas
Plafonnement des taux
Lois sur l’usure et plafonds du rendement total du créditCriminal Code, section 347
1985 → aujourd’huiEn vigueurFinancement par la banque centrale
Souscription directe de titres publics par la banque centraleBank of Canada market notice of 15 April 2020 on Treasury-bill auction purchases
2020Historique